East Africa and Long Distance Trade - 1688 Words

History has always been the key to our existence. We learn from our failures to better our future, just as we learn from our triumphs to excel even further. A very important time in the history of our world was the East Africa long distance trade .In the middle of the seventeenth century, East Africa had a far more important place in the world than other African countries .So wrote Marsh, Z.A Kingsnorth G.W in their book ‘An introduction to the History of East Africa , published by Cambridge university press in 1965 .. They added that The riches of East Africa were incomparably greater than those of the other African states. According to (Walter, 1966) East African countries were first African countries to be involved in long†¦show more content†¦Before the Indian Ocean Trade, most East African regions knew nothing of their neighboring civilizations. This trade network united the world. Because of it, just about all civilizations are conversant with each other. The I ndian Ocean Trade began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D., and ended in the 1500s when Portugal invaded and tried to run the trade for its own profit. As trade intensified between Africa and Asia, powerful city-states flourished along the eastern coast of Africa. These city-states traded with inland kingdoms the feuds that had been created during the time. Portuguese werent the only people who traded through the Indian Ocean Trade. As people from other countries traded as well, they brought their culture, religions, and other values and beliefs that fascinated the people who lived along the Indian Ocean regions. Thus, the trade was a way of spreading religions and cultures, and binding civilizations together. Also, by trading sundry goods and merchandise, the economies of the trading countries grew and they became experts at trading. Culturally long distance was destructive to east African countries, because of the long distance trade Europe managed to gain control over east African countries .Because of long distance trade European managed to spread Christianity among East African people, and they introduce the newly invented technological innovations.Show MoreRelatedLong-Distance Trade And Economic Development.. Many Countries1746 Words   |  7 PagesLONG-DISTANCE TRADE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Many countries in the 15th century were isolated from communication with outsiders from other countries, thus preventing introduction of new ideas that would encourage either growth or change. They were bound by old traditions that were hard to ignore but this also created a situation whereby these countries were literally bursting at the seam for new ideas and growth. Finally ignoring years of isolationism, Chinese and European hierarchies slowly beganRead MoreAnalyze the Changes and Continuities in Long-Distance Migrations in the Period from 1700 to 1900. Be Sure to Include Specific Examples from at Least Two Different World Regions.734 Words   |  3 Pages1700 to 1900 there were many changes in long distance migration patterns across the globe as well as aspects of migration that remained the same. Throughout this time period, long distance migrations from eastern regions such as Europe and Africa to the America’s remained a consistent trend, as well as the motivation for migrating. While these things remained constant, changes during the time period occurred in diversity of the peoples migrating due to slave trade across the Atlantic being banned andRead MoreTrade Networks Change Over Time Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesthe trade routes of Africa and Eurasia were increasing in complexity, as they became major arteries for the exchange of goods and ideas over long distances. The trade networks of these regions consistently enabled the spread of religious ideas far beyond their original homelands. Networks like the Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean, and Silk Road systems always brought wealth to foreign products that enabled local producers to specialize in items best suited to their regions. Yet, the risk of long distanceRead MoreThe Earth and Its People: Chapter 13 Outline1629 Words   |  7 PagesTropical Africa and Asia (1200 – 1500) Ibn Battuta 1. Young Muslim scholar 2. Completed the pilgrimage to mecca 3. logged 75,000 miles of travel in 29 years 4. Powerful states and commercial systems were only made possible by local farmers, fishermen and pastoralists Tropical Lands and Peoples The Tropical Environment 1. Africa lies almost entirely within the tropics, as do southern Arabia, most of India and all of the Southeast Asian mainland and islands 2. In the lands aroundRead MoreManorial Trade Network, the Indian Ocean Trade Network, and the Trans-Saharan Trade Network842 Words   |  4 PagesManorial Trade Network, the Indian Ocean Trade Network, and the Trans-Saharan Trade Network The creation of a strong and productive society depends on a stable economy. The development of extensive trade relations in Africa, Europe, and Asia, was necessary for the existence of the highly advanced civilizations that exist today. The Trans-Saharan trade, Indian Ocean trade, and manorial trade of Europe in the middle ages were major trading networks that flourished. The Trans-Saharan trade networkRead MoreEssay about Sundiata1005 Words   |  5 Pagesstory of Sundiata depicts the story of the foundation of the Mali Empire in West Africa. This story takes place during a transitional time period, when the trade network that linked towns and villages across western Africa attracted north African merchants who brought increasing Muslim influence. The Mali Empire was one of the great West African Empires. The Mali Empire was located along the western grasslands of Africa on the fertile land that lies right below the Sahara desert. The Mali Empire wasRead More Dutch Slave Trade Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Dutch Slave Trade nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the 17th and 18th centuries, mercantilism was the emerging economic policy through which the slave trade developed in Europe. In the Netherlands many historical events gave rise to a desire for domination of international trade. They were serious tradesman and were heavily involved in the profitable business of slavery. The Dutch, intelligent and self-ruling tradesmen took no time in displaying their dominance over rival countries, PortugalRead MoreAn Old Day Passes, A New Day Arrives985 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Classical Period was dominated by powerful, established nations with extensive trade and communication networks throughout their spheres of influence. Weak political centralization and changing religious beliefs allowed these nations to be overwhelmed by nomadic peoples who assimilated and then replaced the dominant cultures. With a strong foundation for success, these new day nations were able to expand trade and cultural exchanges to a leve l unreachable to their predecessors. Fresh blood, economicRead More European Trade Routes 1100-1500 Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagescountries, kingdoms, and dynasties established trade routes. This is the period where countries were made and countries were destroyed because of the importance of trade and the importance of building a fundamental, religious, and economical way of life. This paper will discuss the goals and functions of trades, and traders, and a historical analysis of world trade. This paper will also get into world trade patterns, of The Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, The Indian Ocean, The Silk routes, China andRead MoreAmerica and Oceania Essay724 Words   |  3 Pagesencounters of early societies in the Americas and Oceania were quite similar to the ones in Africa and Eurasia. Geography also played an important role in these early societies. A few topics I will address are: in what ways were the societies of the Americas and Oceania similar to those in Africa and E urasia in spite of such isolation. The factors in which contributed to the difficulties in sustaining log distant trade of the societies in America and Oceania with neighboring societies. The last topic I

Pass The Pie, A Rhetorical Analysis - 911 Words

Pass the Pie, a Rhetorical Analysis In the publication â€Å"The Track Star Economy† known journalist and author for The New Yorker James Surowiecki conveys many things. The basic analogy we are given starts off involving the 2012 Olympics. He starts off by comparing the foreign athletes that come to train over here in the US, only to bring the knowledge and skills they have learned back to other countries. Yet why is this? If America is the land of opportunity why are these immigrants not staying and building lives here in America? The answer is actually quite simple, it’s because most of them are stuck in â€Å"immigration limbo† as Surowiecki so carefully puts it. These people are simply not tended to fast enough, therefore they go somewhere else where they can establish themselves and make a life with the education they have earned here in America. This is hurting our country. Surowiecki implements many techniques throughout his article on this i nterestingly dense topic. His main technique would have to be relying on statistics or logos to convince the reader of his bias. He argues that immigrant employment visas are being capped at much too small of a number, so they migrate to other countries where they are able to establish themselves faster. This is hurting our economy especially after the recession in 2009. Unemployment in America isn’t as high as it was a few years back but there are still plenty of Americans looking for employment, these citizens are angeredShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis : The Audi Advertisement1903 Words   |  8 Pagesconsumers. Commercials that are shown on television today are great examples of rhetorical artifacts because of the many techniques being exercised by the rhetor. Analyzing this through the lens of rhetorical analysis we can dissect and find out why and how they used certain rhetorical strategies to display to their consumers. For my analysis of the Audi advertisement, I will be using fantasy theme analysis. Fantasy theme analysis as explained by Virginia Kidd at Sacramento State University â€Å"helps you unearthRead MoreThe Role of Advertising in Marketing Communications9872 Words   |  40 Pageson-going sales promotion strategy made the customers perceive it to be a cheap and an inferior product. 3. Merchandising support from dealers is doubtful: In many cases, the dealers do not cooperate in providing the merchandising support nor do they pass on any benefit to consumers. The retailer might not be willing to give support because he does not have the place, or the product does not sell much in his shop, or may be he thinks the effort required is more than the commission/benefit derived. Read MoreInstructive Text Types11631 Words   |  47 PagesEnglish. This author points out that rhetorical modes are not linguistic types in that they produce inconsistent definitions of texts and allow great linguistic variation within types. Figure 3 | Text base | Contextual | Cognitive process | Descriptive | Phenomenon registering | Phenomena in space | Perceptions in space | Narrative | Action recording | Phenomena in time | Perceptions in time | Expository | Phenomenon identifying linking | Analysis\synthesis of concepts | Comprehension ofRead MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesa cult icon 2.3 Video case study: TOMS Shoes Questions for discussion References viii CONTENTS 3 Internationalization theories Learning objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Uppsala internationalization model 3.3 The transaction cost analysis model 3.4 The network model 3.5 Internationalization of SMEs 3.6 Born globals 3.7 Internationalization of services 3.8 Summary Case studies 3.1 Cryos: they keep the stork busy around the world 3.2 Classic Media: internationalization of Postman PatRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesReasons ................................................................................................ 236 Deceiving with Loaded Language ................................................................................................... 238 Using Rhetorical Devices .................................................................................................................. 240 Review of Major Points .............................................................................................Read MoreThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team a Leadership Fable46009 Words   |  185 Pages† Kathryn was caught off guard. â€Å"You are?† â€Å"Look, Kathryn, you know I don’t want to tell you how to go about doing this, but maybe you should try to build a few bridges over there before you start setting any on ï ¬ re.† Kathryn let a few moments pass before replying. As surprised as she was by the Chairman’s concerns, she was 35 15Lencioni/Drawing 2/10/02 3:35 PM Page 36 The Five Dysfunctions of a Team remarkably calm and shifted into CEO mode immediately. â€Å"Okay, what I’mRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial CharacteristicsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Injustice Anywhere free essay sample

Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Hence injustice with one individual of a society can affect the life of other individuals of the society. Before we make society understand the need of justice in this essay lets first talk about what justice really is. Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or societal norms, they are supposed to ensure that all members of society receive fair treatment. Justice is distinguished from other ethical standards as required and as, overwhelmingly important: justice can be thought of as distinct from, and more important than, benevolence, charity, mercy, generosity or compassion. All of these things may be valuable, but they are supererogatory rather than required. We need to know more than this: we need to know what justice is, not merely what it is not, and several answers to that problem have been proposed. . Justice is linked, both etymologically and conceptually, to the idea of justification: having and giving decisive reasons for ones beliefs and actions. So, attempts to understand justice are typically attempts to discover the justification the source or basis of justice, and therefore to account for (or disprove) its overwhelming importance. Justice becomes more essential for Islamic country like our due to the emphasis of Islamic teachings on justice. As it is said in Quran: God enjoins justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk, and forbids indecency and abomination and wickedness. [Surah Nahl; 16:90] Justice is perhaps the most important of the supreme values of Islam. In fact, it can be said that the main purpose of revelation and the tasks of Prophets (alayhum salam) has been to establish Justice. Thus, one of the early scholars of Islam has said that: Where the signs of Justice appear and its face is shown in any way that is where the Law of God and His religion are found. Justice is the first principle of social life. It can be shown to govern all relations in life: between ruler and ruled, rich and poor, husband and wife, parents and children. In all our dealings, we are required to stand firmly for justice even if it is against our own self and our kith and kin, for love too can lead to injustice. O you who believe! Be firm in justice as witnesses for God, even in cases against yourselves, your parents or your kin [Surah Nisa; 4: 135] And if you give your word, you must be just, even though it be against your kin, and fulfill the covenant of God. For that is what He has commanded you that you may remember. [Surah Anam; 6: 152] The fear of committing injustice may even prevent the doing of an act that is otherwise permissible. In fact one of the derived principles of the Shariah is that all permissible things are permissible provided that no damage or harm results to others from their practice and that in the event that such damage or harm is -suspected or confirmed, the permissible shall be prohibited to avert such damage or harm. Issues of justice arise in several different spheres and play a significant role in causing, perpetuating, and addressing conflict. Just institutions tend to instill a sense of stability, well-being, and satisfaction among society members, while perceived injustices can lead to dissatisfaction, rebellion, or revolution. Each of the different spheres expresses the principles of justice and fairness in its own way, resulting in different types and concepts of justice; distributive, procedural, retributive, and restorative. These types of justice have important implications for socio-economic, political, civil, and criminal justice at both the national and international level. Distributive justice, or economic justice, is concerned with giving all members of society a fair share of the benefits and resources available. Fair allocation of resources, or distributive justice, is crucial to the stability of a society and the well-being of its members. When issues of distributive justice are inadequately addressed and the item to be distributed is highly valued, intractable conflicts frequently result. Procedural justice is concerned with making and implementing decisions according to fair processes that ensure fair treatment. Rules must be impartially followed and consistently applied in order to generate an unbiased decision. If people believe procedures to be fair, they will be more likely to accept outcomes, even ones that they do not like. Implementing fair procedures is central to many dispute resolution procedures, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and adjudication. Retributive justice appeals to the notion of just dessert the idea that . people deserve to be treated in the same way they treat others. It is a retroactive approach that justifies punishment as a response to past injustice or wrongdoing. The central idea is that the offender has gained unfair advantages through his or her behavior, and that punishment will set this imbalance straight. While it is difficult to give a complete and adequate definition of justice, most observers can recognize clear examples of serious injustice when they arise. Such injustice comes in various forms, wherever the norms of distributive justice, procedural justice, or human rights are violated. Political injustice involves the violation of individual liberties, including the denial of voting rights or due process, infringements on rights to freedom of speech or religion, and inadequate protection from cruel and unusual punishment. Such injustice often stems from unfair procedures, and involves political systems in which some but not others are allowed to have voice and representation in the processes and decisions that affect them. This sort of procedural injustice can contribute to serious social problems as well as political ones. If voting or litigation procedures, for example, are perceived to be unjust, any outcome they produce is liable to be unstable and produce conflict. In addition,; any procedures that are carried out in a biased manner are likely to contribute to problems of religious, ethnic, gender, or race discrimination. When the procedure in question has to do with employment or wages, such issues can lead to serious economic and social problems. The highly-publicized rape case of Mukhtaran Mai, also referred to as Mukhtar Mai or Mukhtaran Bibi, highlights the Pakistani governments shortcomings in dealing with violence against women and its persecution of rape victims. In 2002, Mukhtaran was sentenced to be gang raped by a tribal council in the province of Punjab as punishment for her younger brothers alleged affair with a woman from a powerful clan. After the initial trial, six men were sentenced to death for the gang rape, while eight others were acquitted. However, last June, the Punjab High Court overturned five of the convictions and reduced the sixth to a life sentence. Mukhtaran Mai received donations adding up to $160,000 from New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristoff s coverage of the case. Mukhtaran has used the money to open two schools in her village, a shelter for abused women and provide her village with an ambulance. When Mukhtaran was invited to the United States to talk about her case, the Pakistani government fearing hat she would malign the countrys image abroad denied her travel visa to the United States, and placed her under house arrest. Only -fallowing great international attention and pressure was the travel ban lifted. While Pakistans High Court suspended the acquittals of Mukhtarans rapists and will be re-examining the case, the governments lassitude in amending the Hudood Ordinances which place insu rmountable obstacles for women to safely and successfully obtain justice in their rape cases foments an environment in which violence is perpetrated against women with virtual impunity. If women are unable to prove rape under the Hudood law, which requires four adult Muslim males to have witnessed the crime or the confession of the rapist himself, then the victims themselves may be tried for adultery or fornication. Mukhtaran is not the only victim of our political injustice. According to press reports cited by the Pakistan Human Rights Commission, a non-governmental organization, more than 10,000 women are raped every year in Pakistan, although the real figure is thought to be much higher. As in all countries, women are often reluctant to report rape, for social reasons as well as distrust of the judicial process. In Pakistan, there are additional legal barriers to pursuing a rape conviction. The rape law itself, one of the offenses of zina under the Hudood Ordinances, requires either the confession of the perpetrator or the eye-witness testimony of at least four Muslim adult male witnesses to the rape. If she is unable to prove rape, a woman who reports rape to the police is vulnerable to prosecution herself under the Hudood Ordinances for fornication if she is unmarried or adultery if she is married. In addition to these formidable legal barriers to the prosecution of rape, there have been several reports of police involvement in rapes and gang-rapes and of police protection of those accused of rape, particularly when they are from influential families. Women who have been raped are also at risk of honor killings, whereby a male relative kills them because they are thought to have dishonored the familys name in the community by transgressing social norms, which is seen to include having been raped. It has been estimated that on average one thousand honor killings take place each year in Pakistan. Even the Pakistan Governments National Commission on the Status of Women has recommended repeal of the Hudood Ordinances on the grounds that they are discriminatory towards women and not in accordance with Islamic injunctions. They are also contrary to the Convention on the Elimination of ; All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) , to which Pakistan is a party, and to the Constitution of Pakistan, which states at Article 25 that (1) All citizens are equal before law and are entitled for equal protection of law. (2) There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone. Crimes of honor are a pre-Islamic practice deeply rooted in the tribal societies of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) where Upper Dir is located, Balochistan province, as well as those of Sindh and Punjab where they are called karo kari. In these rigidly patriarchal communities, wives, daughters, sisters and mothers are killed for the least sexual indiscretion and upon the slightest suspicion of ad ultery. Murders in the name of honor fall under the purview of the customary qisas and diyat law. Riddled with flaws, it makes prosecution extremely difficult. Activists have been urging the government to reform the law but a bill seeking to bolster secular law against honor killings, presented in parliament last year, was defeated as un-Islamic. Drastic changes are needed,† Rakshanda Naz, resident director of Aurat Foundation told IPS. The social mind-set, specially the attitude of the courts, needs to change. Often the courts adopt a lenient view towards an accused on the grounds of grave and sudden provocation† which is nowhere in the law,† she added. Sections of the qisas and diyat law work to the advantage of the accused in the trial and appellate stages. Under section 309 of the law, an adult wall (legal heir) of a deceased could use his right of qisas (to forgive the accused). Similarly, under section 310, the offence of murder is made a compoundable offence and any heir of a deceased could forgive an accused by compounding his right of qisas after receiving compensation.. Since in most honor-related murders, either a husband or parents are the heirs of the slain woman and as the murder takes place in connivance with almost all the family members, they prefer to waive their right of qisas and pardon the accused. Each time, the judicial response has appeared to violate the basic principles of justice, activists observed. Uzma Mehboob, a womens rights activist, said no FIR was registered in a recent case in a remote hamlet in NWFPs Mardan district where a powerful landowner sprayed his daughter and driver, who had eloped together, with bullets. Economic injustice involves the states failure to provide individuals with basic necessities of life, such as access to adequate food and housing, and its maintenance of huge discrepancies in wealth. In the most extreme cases of misdistribution, some individuals suffer from poverty while the elite of that society live in relative luxury. Such injustice can stem from unfair hiring procedures, lack of available jobs and education, and insufficient health care. All of these conditions may lead individuals to believe that they have not received a fair share of the benefits and resources available in that society. Many scholars and activists note that in order to truly address injustice internationally, we must strive to understand its underlying causes. These causes have to do with underdevelopment, economic pressures, various social problems, and international conditions. Indeed, the roots of repression, discrimination, and other injustice stem from deeper and more complex political, social, and economic problems. It is only by understanding and ameliorating these root causes and strengthening civil society that we can truly protect human rights. Addressing political injustice is often a matter of developing institutions of fair governance, such as a responsible police force and judiciary. Legislative action and executive decision-making should likewise be held accountable. Such measures are sometimes a matter of reforming state gt; institutions or revising state constitution. In cases where some groups are excluded from political participation, the state can remedy violations of political rights by promoting political inclusion and empowering subordinate groups. Public decision-making should respond to the will of the citizens, and members of the society should have the opportunity to participate in the formulation, execution, and monitoring of state policies. In other words, a culture of political involvement and public participation should be fostered. In addition, there are various social structural changes that might give groups more social, economic, and/or political power. This is often accomplished through the strengthening of the economy and civil society in conjunction with democratization efforts. In some cases countries require outside assistance for election monitoring, nation-building programs and the development of governmental infrastructure to make their political system more stable. Addressing systemic economic injustice is often a matter of economic reforms that give groups better access to jobs, health care, and education. In many cases, lack of access to basic services stems from enormous inequalities in resource distribution. Redistribution of benefits and resources can thus- be an important component of social structural changes to remedy injustice. There are various institutional and economic development reforms that might be put in place to raise living standards and boost economic growth. In addition, by creating social and economic safety nets, states can eliminate tension and instability caused by unfair resource allocation. A central goal of responding to injustice is paving the way for future peace. Once conflict has ended and policies of oppression have been repealed, society members face the task of rebuilding their society. Many believe that measures aimed at restorative justice are well-suited for this task. Restorative Justice is concerned with healing wounds of victims and repairing harm done to interpersonal relationships and the community. It can play a crucial role in responding to severe human rights violations or cases of genocide. Huge advances are made when governments tell the truth about past atrocities carried out by the state. It is thought that true healing equires remembering the atrocities committed, repenting, and forgiving. War crimes inquiries and truth commissions can aid in the process of memory and truth telling and help to make public the extent to which victims have/suffered. One of the tragic examples of restorative injustice in Pakistan is of the incident of taking away Masihs children away from him. According to the law, all parents in Pakistan in cluding Christian parents such as the Masihs have the right to raise their children in their own faith. But the law isnt always followed in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Particularly when it comes to Christians. The girls were taken Jan. 25 by the familys landlady and her husband with police escorts. The couple contended that the children had converted to Islam and should no longer remain in a Christian home. The Masihs maintain that their daughters are still Christians, no matter what anyone says, and that even if they did convert to Islam, they should stay with their parents. But 14-year-old Nadia, 11-year-old Nyla and 9-year-old Nabila are gone, and its unclear whether theyll ever be allowed to return home. The city magistrate overseeing the case admits he decided against the Christians not on the basis of law but on public sentiment and a concern that he could have a religious riot on his hands. Legally speaking, they should have been given to their parents, says Kamran? Abdullah Siddiqi, leaning back in a cushioned chair in his office, where two armed policeman sit against a wall. But Siddiqi says if he did that, Some crazy person would come and say these are the children of Islam. Theyd say were going to chop you. Were going to shoot you. Were going to what did the KKK used to say in America? lynch you. Article 36 of Pakistans Constitution promises to safeguard the rights and interests of religious minorities. But human rights organizations say thats not happening. The U. S. State Department agrees, citing a government-fostered atmosphere of religious intolerance that has led to violence against religious minorities. In Pakistan, 97 percent of the population is Muslim; the rest is made up mostly of Christians but also of Hindus, Buddhists and other groups. Partly at the prodding of concerned American Christian groups, the U. S. Congress earlier this month passed legislation requiring the president to take action against nations that engage in a pattern of religious persecution. In the 1980s, the United States gave Pakistan billions of dollars for economic development. But in recent years, concern that Pakistan was developing a nuclear bomb has prompted sanctions, slashing aid to the millions of dollars, most of it for humanitarian, food and counter narcotics efforts. Pakistans decision to test nuclear weapons in May further cooled US Pakistan relations. Pakistans pattern of religious persecution, documented for years in State Department reports, could lead to further sanctions. This is not the only case, there are still many stories but the need here is not just to highlight the stories but also to make sure these stories end up with the mess they have already poured in our Islamic society. Restoration often becomes a matter of restitution or war reparations. In cases where clear acts of injustice have taken place, some type of compensation package can help to meet the material and emotional needs of victims and remedy the injustice. Repentance can also help to re-establish relationships among the conflicting parties and help them to move toward reconciliation. In some cases, conflicts can end more peacefully when parties acknowledge their guilt and apologize than when formal war crimes adjudication or criminal proceedings are used. In cases of civil war, because the line between offenders and victims can become blurred, a central goal of peace building is to restore the community as a whole. Restoration often becomes tied to the transformation of the relationship between the conflicting parties. However, such restoration cannot take place unless it is supported by wider social conditions and unless the larger community makes restorative processes available. Many note that an adequate response to injustice must involve social structural changes, reconstruction programs to help communities ravaged by conflict, democratization and the creation of institutions of civil society. Only then can the underlying causes of injustice be remedied.

Financial Performance of Bega Cheese-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Financial Performance of the Organisation Bega Cheese. Answer: Financial Statement and Trend Analysis Bega Cheese is one of the leading dairy product selling organisations in Australia. The organisation was started by some dairy suppliers and it was floated publicly in the year 2011. The organisation has so far generated significant amount of revenue from selling dairy products all across Australia. The main income of the organisation is generated through the sales of dairy products sold to the domestic household in Australia and it also sells its products in the international market. The organisation has done pretty good in the recent years and has become a leading dairy product selling organisation in the country. As stated by the organisational statistics the company has been able to generate total revenue of $1000 million in 2013 which is a significant hike of around 8.4% as compared to the previous financial year of 2012 (Dharma, 2012). The organisation Bega Cheese is known for its customer centric business strategy and focuses on research and development to constantly improve its customer service and product quality. The main agenda of the organisation is to reach each and every customer through quality product at a price that the customer wouldnt be reluctant to pay and this has largely helped the organisation to cater to the needs and wants of the consumers effectively. By the financial year of 2014 the organisation recorded sales of over $ 1050 million with a substantial rise by 6.47%. It is normally stated that the rise which has come in the revenue generated is due to the proactive and effective defensive strategy of increasing the amount of market share and also looking to start off new ventures in the form of acquiring Saputo Inc. through a bid of around 19% of the Bega Cheese Group (Smith and Pititto, 2014). The organisation has also focused on securing its gross profit margin which is likely to help the organisation to cement its position in the market and also help to bear much bigger expenses for the development purpose of the business. The gross profit margin of the organisation has fluctuated in the financial years of 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively with the counting being 12.45 percent, 12.95 percent and 11.06 percent respectively. This is an excellent indicator of the increasing cost of the company to manufacture products. The dip in the gross profit percentage shows that the organisational manufacturing cost is increasing faster as compared to the sale price of the product (Petty et al., 2015). There are number of aspects which have contributed to the increase in the cost of manufacturing some of the major being currency inflation, increase in the labor wage and also due to the increase in the price of the raw materials which are essential for the manufacturing of the dairy prod ucts. It is important for the organisation Bega Cheese to focus on realising certain key avenues. The organisation to consider to expand its business into new markets either with the help of product diversification or through the strategy of penetration pricing in order to achieve cost leadership in the new market to generate higher revenue and balance the gross profit margin (Ho et al., 2013). Talking about the expenditure of the company it could be said that the main expenditure involved in the company is mainly distribution and official expenses. It is important to note that the organisation spends a huge amount of money for effective distribution of the products and administrative expenses which clearly indicate the main reason of the reduction in profit before tax and interest. In order to analyse the net profit of the organisation we have considered a transaction of a WCB stake worth $ 66 million nearly. This has helped to realise the net profit margin which comes to 2.20, 2.53 and 6.18 percent respectively for the three years. The Bega Cheese management has tried to take responsibility to reduce cost especially in the secondary procedures like marketing which contributed to the improvement of the net profit margin (Dharma, Shafron and Oliver, 2012). It could be seen that the total revenue in the financial year of 2014 is just enough to cover up the expenses of the or ganisation as the organisation had to pay up a huge amount of tax which increased by around 177% to be precise and this happened due to the WCB transactions which clearly shows that the organisation couldnt do much except that one transaction which occupies a huge space in the financial statement of the organisation (Smith and Pititto, 2014). In this case it is important to mention that the Net profit margin is considered mainly by the shareholders and the prospect investors to analyse the financial position of the company which helps them to assume the possibility of their investment coming back and bigger transactions like the WCB gives them hope. The proceeds which were received from this transaction was effectively utilised to fulfill long term financial obligations and to improve the liquidity of the organisation. On the other hand the organisation will also have to consider their return on assets as it provides a mirror reflection on the financial utilisation of assets and how their employment contributes to the financial efficacy of the organisation (Brigham and Daves, 2012). The return on asset reckoned shows an increase from 7.03 percent in the financial year of 2012 and moved up to by 11% in the following two years coming to a figure of 18%. Capital Employed is another key ratio which shows the total equity and the debt finance. According to records it could be said that the organisation has just one major long term loan which has been slowly repaid by the organisation. Between the financial year of 2012 and 2014 the maximum share of the loan had been repaid and the total equity has been reported on 27.57%. Even though the value of the financial assets dipped due to the decline in the reserves but the organisation was able to pull back the value due to the sales of new shares that boosted the earnings to a large extent. The return on capital employed climbed up to 19.63 % with increase in profit in the financial year of 2014 as the organisation did generate increased profit, repaid loans which helped to come back on track (Grant, 2016). Liquidity plays an important aspect for every business and through the understanding of quick ratio and current ratio it could be effectively understood. Both of these ratios are effective in understanding the organisational capability of paying back loan and having effective strategy to be able to pay back loans. It could be said that it is suitable for an organisation to have similar current assets to liabilities but higher assets is desirable. The current ratio helps to assess whether an organisation has the ability to pay back loans within a stipulated time (Brigham and Houston, 2012). Current ratio of Bega Cheese has to be stable and as per the information given in the table attached below it shows that there has been fall in the ratio in 2014 as compared to 2012. It could be said that even though the organisations current ratio has dipped but it is still acceptable as the company still has enough to pay the creditors due to the increase in investment of current assets, receivab les. The increase in tax liabilities and payables could be considered as the main reason of decline in current ratio. On the other hand the quick ratio of the organisation stayed fixed on 0.65 which means the organisation has the ability to pay fair amount of current liabilities within a stipulated time (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). The Efficiency of the organisation Bega Cheese is analysed with the help of receivable turnover and inventory turnover which helps the organisation to understand how faster or slower they receive from the debtors and how fast they can develop raw materials and inventories to finished products. It could be said that receivable turnover of Bega Cheese is bit weak and the organisation has started to call up customers more than 5 to 6 times a year now for payment. On the other hand the organisation will have to become strict on quality control which would help to improve inventory turnover effectively. As the latest record shows the organisation could turnover inventory 5 times now with increased need of the products (Higgins, 2012). The Debt ratio of Bega Cheese is at 43 % now which means theres a positive outcome for the shareholders for investment as stated in 2014. Due to increased profit interest repayment has been effective to be precise now it pays 15.64 times interest in a year. The asset turnover ratio also shows effective result showing effective utilisation of asset which clearly shows that the organisation has been able to manage long term solvency (Smith and Pititto, 2014). Limitations of Financial Ratio Calculations There are significant limitations to calculations of financial ratio. First of the entire ratio calculation is done based on the previous data and assumptions and hence changes in accounting standards and policy will impact the calculation (Healy and Palepu, 2012). The financial calculations dont consider the social responsibilities of the organisation and hence reduce the social impact of the organisation. Finally it could be said that financial interpretation are also largely dependent on the skills and expertise of the person doing them and hence the interpretation might differ given the consideration the person makes (Delen, Kuzey and Uyar, 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion it could be said that Bega Cheese has evolved as an organisation over the years and financial year of 2014 has brought remarkable results for the organisation making it well placed in the Australian Market. Its return on capital employed, return on asset, turnovers have been effective which means the company is doing good from the financial point of view. From the parlance of a prospect investor it could be said that this is the best time to invest on this organisation to get suitable returns. Overall it could be said that the information presented in the form of financial statement and trend analysis more or less provides effective data to decide on investment (Ho et al., 2013). References Brigham, E. and Daves, P., 2012.Intermediate financial management. Nelson Education. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F. and Houston, J.F., 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. 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